提供基本语法和方法的 C++ 快速参考备忘单。
开始
Hello.cpp
#include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello QuickRef\n"; return 0; }
编译和运行
$ g++ hello.cpp -o hello $ ./hello Hello QuickRef
变量
int number = 5;
// Integer float f = 0.95;
// Floating number double PI = 3.14159;
// Floating number char yes = 'Y';
// Character std::string s = "ME";
// String (text) bool isRight = true;
// Boolean
// Constants const float RATE = 0.8;
int age {25};
// Since C++11
std::cout << age;
// Print 25
原始数据类型
数据类型 | 尺寸 | 范围 |
---|---|---|
int | 4字节 | -2 31 ~ 2 31 -1 |
float | 4字节 | 不适用 |
double | 8 字节 | 不适用 |
char | 1 字节 | -128 ~ 127 |
bool | 1 字节 | true / false |
void | 不适用 | 不适用 |
wchar_t | 2 或 4 个字节 | 1 个宽字符 |
用户输入
int num; std::cout << "Type a number: "; std::cin >> num; std::cout << "You entered " << num;
交换
int a = 5, b = 10, temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
// Outputs: a=10, b=5
std::cout << "a=" << a << ", b=" << b;
注释
// A single one line comment in C++
/* This is a multiple line comment in C++ */
if 语句
if (a == 10) {
// do something
}
请参阅:条件
for 循环
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
std::cout << i << "\n";
}
请参阅:循环
函数
#include <iostream>
void hello();
// Declaring
int main() { // main function
hello();
// Calling
}
void hello() {
// Defining
std::cout << "Hello QuickRef!\n";
}
请参阅:函数
参考
int i = 1;
int& ri = i; // ri is a reference to i
ri = 2; // i is now changed to 2
std::cout << "i=" << i;
i = 3; // i is now changed to 3
std::cout << "ri=" << ri;
ri
并i
引用相同的内存位置。
命名空间
#include <iostream>
namespace ns1 {
int val(){
return 5;
}
}
int main() {
std::cout << ns1::val();
}
#include <iostream>
namespace ns1 {
int val(){
return 5;
}
}
using namespace ns1;
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << val();
}
命名空间允许名称下的全局标识符
C++ 数组
声明
int marks[3]; // Declaration
marks[0] = 92;
marks[1] = 97;
marks[2] = 98;
// Declare and initialize
int marks[3] = {92, 97, 98};
int marks[] = {92, 97, 98};
// With empty members
int marks[3] = {92, 97};
std::cout << marks[2];
// Outputs: 0
操作
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
| 92 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 98 | 94 |
└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘
0 1 2 3 4 5
int marks[6] = {92, 97, 98, 99, 98, 94};
// Print first element
std::cout << marks[0];
// Change 2th element to 99
marks[1] = 99;
// Take input from the user
std::cin >> marks[2];
显示
char ref[5] = {'R', 'e', 'f'};
// Range based for loop
for (const int &n : ref) {
std::cout << std::string(1, n);
}
// Traditional for loop
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(ref); ++i) {
std::cout << ref[i];
}
多维数组
j0 j1 j2 j3 j4 j5
┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
i0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
├────┼────┼────┼────┼────┼────┤
i1 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
└────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘
int x[2][6] = { {1,2,3,4,5,6}, {6,5,4,3,2,1} }; for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < 6; ++j) { std::cout << x[i][j] << " "; } } // Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1
C++ 条件
if 语句
if (a == 10) { // do something }
int number = 16; if (number % 2 == 0) { std::cout << "even"; } else { std::cout << "odd"; } // Outputs: even
Else if 语句
int score = 99; if (score == 100) { std::cout << "Superb"; } else if (score >= 90) { std::cout << "Excellent"; } else if (score >= 80) { std::cout << "Very Good"; } else if (score >= 70) { std::cout << "Good"; } else if (score >= 60) std::cout << "OK"; else std::cout << "What?";
运算符
关系运算符
a == b | a 等于 b |
a != b | a 不等于 b |
a < b | a 小于 b |
a > b | a 更大 b |
a <= b | a 小于或等于 b |
a >= b | a 大于或等于 b |
赋值运算符
a += b | 又名 a = a + b |
a -= b | 又名 a = a - b |
a *= b | 又名 a = a * b |
a /= b | 又名 a = a / b |
a %= b | 又名 a = a % b |
逻辑运算符
exp1 && exp2 | 两者都是真的(AND) |
exp1 || exp2 | 要么为真(或) |
!exp | exp 是假的(不是) |
位运算符
a & b | 二进制与 |
a | b | 二进制或 |
a ^ b | 二进制异或 |
a ~ b | 二进制补码 |
a << b | 二进制左移 |
a >> b | 二进制右移 |
三元运算符
┌── True ──┐ Result = Condition ? Exp1 : Exp2; └───── False ─────┘
int x = 3, y = 5, max; max = (x > y) ? x : y; // Outputs: 5 std::cout << max << std::endl;
int x = 3, y = 5, max; if (x > y) { max = x; } else { max = y; } // Outputs: 5 std::cout << max << std::endl;
Switch 语句
int num = 2; switch (num) { case 0: std::cout << "Zero"; break; case 1: std::cout << "One"; break; case 2: std::cout << "Two"; break; case 3: std::cout << "Three"; break; default: std::cout << "What?"; break; }
C++ 循环
While
int i = 0; while (i < 6) { std::cout << i++; } // Outputs: 012345
Do-while
int i = 1; do { std::cout << i++; } while (i <= 5); // Outputs: 12345
Continue 语句
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) { continue; } std::cout << i; } // Outputs: 13579
无限循环
while (true) { // true or 1 std::cout << "infinite loop"; }
for (;;) { std::cout << "infinite loop"; }
for(int i = 1; i > 0; i++) { std::cout << "infinite loop"; }
for_each (从 C++11 版本开始)
#include <iostream> void print(int num) { std::cout << num << std::endl; } int main() { int arr[4] = {1, 2, 3, 4 }; std::for_each(arr, arr + 4, print); return 0; }
Range-based (从 C++11 版本开始)
int num_array[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; for (int n : num_array) { std::cout << n << " "; } // Outputs: 1 2 3 4 5
std::string hello = "QuickRef.ME"; for (char c: hello) { std::cout << c << " "; } // Outputs: Q u i c k R e f . M E
Break 语句
int password, times = 0; while (password != 1234) { if (times++ >= 3) { std::cout << "Locked!\n"; break; } std::cout << "Password: "; std::cin >> password; // input }
几种变体
for (int i = 0, j = 2; i < 3; i++, j--){ std::cout << "i=" << i << ","; std::cout << "j=" << j << ";"; } // Outputs: i=0,j=2;i=1,j=1;i=2,j=0;
C++ 函数
参数和返回
#include <iostream> int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } int main() { std::cout << add(10, 20); }
add
是一个接受 2 个整数并返回整数的函数
Overloading 超载
void fun(string a, string b) { std::cout << a + " " + b; } void fun(string a) { std::cout << a; } void fun(int a) { std::cout << a; }
内置函数
#include <iostream> #include <cmath> // import library int main() { // sqrt() is from cmath std::cout << sqrt(9); }
C++ 预处理器
预处理器
Includes 包括
#include "iostream" #include <iostream>
Defines 定义
#define FOO #define FOO "hello" #undef FOO
If 如果
#ifdef DEBUG console.log('hi'); #elif defined VERBOSE ... #else ... #endif
Error 错误
#if VERSION == 2.0 #error Unsupported #warning Not really supported #endif
Macro 宏
#define DEG(x) ((x) * 57.29)
Token concat 令牌连接
#define DST(name) name##_s name##_t DST(object); #=> object_s object_t;
Stringification 字符串化
#define STR(name) #name char * a = STR(object); #=> char * a = "object";
file and line 文件和行
#define LOG(msg) console.log(__FILE__, __LINE__, msg) #=> console.log("file.txt", 3, "hey")
其他
转义序列
\b | 退格 |
\f | 换页 |
\n | 换行 |
\r | 返回 |
\t | 水平标签 |
\v | 垂直标签 |
\\ | 反斜杠 |
\' | 单引号 |
\" | 双引号 |
\? | 问号 |
\0 | 空字符 |
关键词
另见
C++ 信息图表和备忘录(hackingcpp.com)
C++ 参考 (cppreference.com)
C++ 语言教程 (cplusplus.com)